Modern Aspects of Epidemiological Issues in Periodontal Diseases Associated With the Consumption of Groundwater

Аннотация

The presence of commensal bacteria in the gingival sulcus and dental biofilm causes gingival inflammation,
which represents a normal physiological response. The two main chronic infectious oral diseases responsible for the
majority of human tooth loss are periodontal disease and dental caries. Periodontal diseases comprise a group of disorders
affecting the gingiva, cementum, alveolar bone, and periodontal ligament that support the teeth. They are most
commonly caused by chronic inflammation and infection induced by pathogenic microorganisms such as Fusobacterium
nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Prevotella intermedia.
Gingivitis is a reversible, non-destructive condition that does not lead to the loss of periodontal tissues. It is characterized
by inflammation of the soft tissues without apical migration of the junctional epithelium. Periodontitis, in contrast, is an
infection of the periodontium accompanied by apical migration of the junctional epithelium, resulting in the destruction of
connective tissue attachment and loss of the alveolar bone supporting the teeth. Gingivitis and periodontitis are generally
regarded as stages within the same disease continuum.
Oral epidemiological examinations provide the basis for assessing a population’s oral health status and treatment needs.
Policy planning and the allocation of financial and human resources for the treatment and prevention of periodontal diseases
benefit from the analysis of global prevalence data. However, the exact prevalence remains unclear across countries
with different economic levels and among various age groups. This review article presents data on the prevalence of
periodontal diseases and the role of risk factors in their onset and progression.